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Evidence Summary
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Key messages from scientific research that's ready to be acted on
Got It, Hide thisAspirin reduces risk of death, heart disease or cancer, with some increase in the risk of stroke or major bleeding
Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, et al. Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-253.
Review questions
Does aspirin prevent heart disease or cancer? Does it cause harm?
Background
Aspirin may prevent heart disease or cancer in people who have not had these diseases, but it can also cause harm (e.g., bleeding and stroke).
How the review was done
The researchers did a systematic review, searching for studies that were published up to September 2012.
They found 22 systematic reviews and 5 randomized controlled trials. Analyses included about 25,000 to 100,000 people.
People in the studies were older than 18 years of age and did not have heart disease or cancer.
Aspirin was compared with placebo, usual care, or no aspirin.
What the researchers found
Aspirin for preventing disease or death
Most studies tested a daily low dose of aspirin (75 to 100 mg per day).
Compared with control (placebo, usual care, or no aspirin), aspirin reduced death, heart disease, cancer, and deaths due to cancer by a small amount. For example, deaths were reduced by 33 to 85 per year for 100,000 people.
Harms of aspirin
Compared with control (placebo, usual care, or no aspirin), aspirin increased major bleeding or stroke, although the risks were small. The increase in risk of major bleeding was 35 to 49 per year for 100,000 people, whereas the increase in risk of bleeding into the brain (hemorrhagic stroke) was 8 to 10 per year for 100,000 people.
Conclusions
In people who don’t have heart disease or cancer, aspirin may reduce risk of death and these diseases by a small amount. People taking aspirin are a little more likely to have a stroke or major bleeding than those not taking aspirin.
Aspirin vs placebo, usual care, or no aspirin for preventing heart disease or cancer
| Outcomes | Effect of aspirin |
| Death | 33 to 85 fewer people out of 100,000 will die each year |
| Heart disease | 55 to 84 fewer people out of 100,000 will get heart disease each year |
| Death due to heart disease | — |
| Cancer | Not reported |
| Death due to cancer | 25 to 66 fewer people out of 100,000 will die of cancer each year. |
| Major bleeding | 35 to 49 people out of 100,000 taking aspirin will have major bleeding each year |
| Stroke | 8 to 10 people out of 100,000 taking aspirin will have a stroke each year |
Glossary
A harmless, inactive, and simulated treatment.
Studies where people are assigned to one of the treatments purely by chance.
A comprehensive evaluation of the available research evidence on a particular topic.
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